| AIMS The Journal of Research and Development (JRD) is a multidisciplinary, peer-reviewed international journal dedicated to advancing knowledge across the sciences, social sciences, humanities, commerce, management, law, education, and technology. It seeks to provide an inclusive and dynamic platform where scholars, researchers, educators, practitioners, and policymakers can engage in the exchange of innovative ideas, critical perspectives, and contemporary developments. The ultimate goal of the journal is to foster research that not only enriches academic discourse but also contributes to solving pressing societal challenges, thereby supporting both local and global transformation. The journal recognizes that knowledge creation and dissemination in the 21st century requires a holistic, cross-disciplinary approach. Accordingly, it positions itself at the intersection of traditional disciplines and emerging fields, encouraging the exploration of new methodologies, conceptual frameworks, and collaborative strategies. By providing a global platform rooted in local and regional contexts, JRD seeks to become a space where diverse voices and perspectives can converge, advancing both academic and applied research. The journal aims to: Promote high-quality, original contributions: Publish research articles, critical reviews, empirical studies, case studies, and theoretical analyses across diverse domains including Science, Social Sciences, Humanities, Commerce, Management, Education, Law, Engineering, Medical Sciences, Pharmacy, and Technology. Emphasis is placed on rigor, originality, and clarity. Encourage interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary dialogue: Support contributions that go beyond disciplinary silos to bridge gaps between fields, integrating methods and perspectives from multiple areas of knowledge to address complex issues such as sustainability, equity, digital transformation, and social innovation. Support research rooted in national and global priorities: Actively encourage work that draws upon Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the priorities of the National Education Policy 2020 (NEP-2020). Such research is expected to highlight both contextual relevance and global applicability, creating linkages between tradition, innovation, and policy. Promote linguistic inclusivity in scholarship: Recognize the importance of linguistic diversity by publishing the full text in English for global indexing and readership while welcoming supplementary abstracts, keywords, and summaries in Hindi, Marathi, and other Constitutional Indian languages. This ensures that research is simultaneously globally visible and locally rooted. Foster a culture of innovation and collaboration: Serve as a hub for the academic community to engage in dialogue, share resources, and collaborate on projects that push the boundaries of knowledge. The journal encourages interaction not only among academics but also between academia, industry, and civil society. Ensure accessibility and dissemination: Strive to make research accessible to a wide audience including students, teachers, practitioners, and policymakers. By promoting open knowledge and maintaining high editorial standards, the journal ensures that published work contributes to teaching, learning, and practical decision-making. Contribute to capacity building and knowledge empowerment: Encourage young researchers, early-career scholars, and practitioners to share their work, providing mentoring through editorial feedback and fostering professional growth in academic writing, critical analysis, and methodological rigor. Through these aims, the Journal of Research and Development (JRD) positions itself not merely as a publication venue but as a knowledge movement—a platform that bridges academic inquiry and social responsibility, tradition and innovation, regional relevance and global outreach. By nurturing scholarship that is inclusive, interdisciplinary, and impactful, the journal aspires to contribute meaningfully to the evolving landscape of research and development in the contemporary world. SCIENCE SCOPE 1. Physical Sciences Physics (Classical, Quantum, Nuclear, Solid State, Applied) Chemistry (Organic, Inorganic, Physical, Analytical, Industrial) Mathematics (Pure, Applied, Statistics, Computational, Operations Research) Astronomy and Space Science 2. Earth and Environmental Sciences Geography (Physical, Regional, Resource, Environmental, GIS & Remote Sensing) Geology, Geomorphology, Mineralogy, Petrology Hydrology, Oceanography, Meteorology, Climatology Environmental Science, Ecology, Biodiversity, Conservation Studies Natural Disaster Management and Climate Change Studies 3. Life Sciences Botany (Plant Physiology, Plant Taxonomy, Ethnobotany, Biotechnology) Zoology (Animal Physiology, Entomology, Fisheries, Wildlife Studies) Microbiology, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Genetics Biotechnology, Bioinformatics Agricultural Sciences, Horticulture, Forestry, Veterinary and Animal Sciences 4. Medical and Health Sciences Medicine (General, Community, Preventive) Public Health, Epidemiology, Health Policy Pharmacy, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Nursing, Nutrition, Allied Health Sciences 5. Interdisciplinary and Emerging Sciences Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Data Science Electronics, Nanoscience, Nanotechnology Material Science, Polymer Science Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Technologies Renewable Energy, Green Technologies, Climate Solutions TECHNOLOGY SCOPE 1. Engineering and Applied Technologies Civil Engineering (Construction, Structural, Geotechnical, Transportation, Water Resources) Mechanical Engineering (Thermal, Design, Manufacturing, Robotics, Mechatronics) Electrical and Electronics Engineering (Power Systems, Control Systems, VLSI, Embedded Systems) Chemical Engineering (Process Engineering, Industrial Chemistry, Biochemical Engineering) Materials Engineering (Metallurgy, Composite Materials, Smart Materials, Nanomaterials) 2. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Computer Science and Engineering Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning Data Science, Big Data Analytics, Cloud Computing Cybersecurity, Information Security, Blockchain Technology Software Engineering, Human–Computer Interaction, Web & Mobile Technologies Internet of Things (IoT), Edge and Cloud Computing Networking and Communication Technologies (5G/6G, Optical Communication, Satellite Communication) 3. Emerging and Future Technologies Nanotechnology and Nanoscience Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering Renewable and Green Technologies (Solar, Wind, Bioenergy, Hydrogen Fuel) Space Technology, Aerospace Engineering, Remote Sensing Applications Quantum Computing and Quantum Technologies Smart Cities, Digital Infrastructure, Industry 4.0 and 5.0 4. Applied and Sustainable Technology Agricultural Engineering and Precision Farming Environmental Engineering and Waste Management Sustainable Water, Soil, and Energy Technologies Smart Grids and Clean Energy Systems Technology for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Assistive Technologies and Inclusive Design 5. Interdisciplinary Technology Applications Health Informatics, Telemedicine, Medical Devices Educational Technology and E-Learning Systems FinTech and Digital Commerce Technologies Tourism, Heritage, and Cultural Resource Technologies Defense and Security Technologies SOCIAL SCIENCES SCOPE 1. Core Social Sciences Economics: Development Economics, Agricultural Economics, Public Finance, International Trade, Behavioral Economics. Political Science & Public Administration: Comparative Politics, Political Theory, Governance, Policy Studies, International Relations. Sociology: Social Structure, Stratification, Rural & Urban Sociology, Industrial Sociology, Sociology of Development. Anthropology: Cultural, Social, and Biological Anthropology; Tribal Studies; Ethnography. Psychology: Social Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Educational Psychology, Counseling, Clinical and Industrial Psychology. 2. Education and Pedagogy Foundations of Education, Philosophy & Sociology of Education. Teacher Education, Curriculum Studies, Pedagogical Innovations. Educational Technology, E-Learning, Digital Classrooms. Inclusive Education, Adult & Continuing Education, Special Education. Policy Studies in Education and National Education Policy (NEP-2020). 3. Law, Policy, and Governance Constitutional Law, Human Rights, Criminal Law, Cyber Law. Criminology and Victimology. Public Policy, Social Justice, Governance Reforms. Gender Justice, Child Rights, Environmental Law. 4. Communication, Culture, and Media Studies Journalism, Mass Communication, New Media Studies. Film Studies, Cultural Studies, Visual Anthropology. Information and Library Science. Heritage, Folklore, and Oral Traditions. 5. Development and Applied Social Sciences Rural and Urban Development Studies. Population and Demographic Studies. Migration, Diaspora, and Globalization. Social Work and Community Development. Women’s Studies, Gender and Development, LGBTQ+ Studies. Peace and Conflict Studies, International Organizations, Humanitarian Studies. Tourism and Hospitality Studies (Social and Cultural Perspectives). HUMANITIES SCOPE 1. Literature and Languages English Literature, World Literatures, Comparative Literature. Indian Languages and Literatures: Hindi, Marathi, Sanskrit, Urdu, and other Constitutional languages. Linguistics, Semantics, Pragmatics, Discourse Studies. Translation Studies, Interpretation, and Cross-Cultural Communication. Literary Theory, Postcolonial Studies, Feminist Literature, Dalit Literature, Regional Writings. 2. Philosophy and Religion Indian Philosophy, Western Philosophy, Comparative Philosophy. Ethics, Logic, Aesthetics, Metaphysics, Epistemology. Religious Studies: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, Indigenous Faiths. Philosophy of Science, Philosophy of Mind, and Applied Ethics. Spirituality, Yoga Studies, Consciousness Studies. 3. History, Archaeology, and Heritage Studies Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Indian History. World History, Comparative Historical Studies. Archaeology, Epigraphy, Numismatics. Heritage Conservation, Museology, Archival Studies. Regional and Local Histories, Oral Histories. 4. Arts and Aesthetics Fine Arts: Painting, Sculpture, Visual Arts, Graphic Arts. Performing Arts: Music, Dance, Drama, Theatre Studies. Film Studies, Media Arts, Digital Aesthetics. Folk Arts, Cultural Practices, Indigenous Art Forms. Art Criticism, Aesthetic Theories, Creative Writing. 5. Culture and Interdisciplinary Studies Cultural Studies, Identity, Globalization, and Popular Culture. Folklore, Mythology, Oral Traditions, Storytelling. Interdisciplinary studies bridging humanities with science and social sciences. Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), Sanskrit Studies, Indigenous Knowledge. Language, Literature, and Culture in the context of NEP-2020 and Sustainable Development. LANGUAGES SCOPE 1. English Language and Literature English Literature: Poetry, Drama, Fiction, Prose, and Non-fiction. World Literature in English, Commonwealth and Postcolonial Literatures. Literary Criticism and Theory (Classical, Modern, Postmodern, Feminist, Marxist, Postcolonial, Cultural). English Language Teaching (ELT), Applied Linguistics, Second Language Acquisition. Communication Skills, Business English, Technical Writing. 2. Indian Languages and Literatures Hindi, Marathi, Sanskrit, Urdu, and other Constitutional Indian Languages (22 Scheduled Languages as per the Eighth Schedule). Classical, Medieval, and Modern Indian Literature. Comparative Studies of Indian Literatures. Folk Literature, Oral Traditions, Storytelling Practices. Dalit Literature, Tribal Literature, Regional Writing. 3. Translation and Interpretation Studies Translation Theory and Practice across Indian and World Languages. Literary and Non-Literary Translation (Technical, Legal, Media). Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics. Multilingualism and Cross-Cultural Communication. 4. Linguistics and Language Studies Theoretical Linguistics: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics. Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Applied Linguistics. Corpus Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, Stylistics. Bilingualism, Multilingualism, Language Planning and Policy. Endangered Languages, Language Preservation and Revitalization. 5. Cultural and Interdisciplinary Dimensions Language, Identity, and Culture. Role of Language in Education, Pedagogy, and NEP-2020. Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) and Sanskrit Studies. Digital Humanities and Language Technologies. Plain Language Studies for policy, administration, and inclusive communication. BUSINESS SCOPE 1. Business Administration and Strategy Strategic Management, Corporate Planning, and Policy. Organizational Behavior and Change Management. Leadership Studies and Corporate Decision-Making. Business Models, Innovation Strategies, and Competitive Advantage. 2. Marketing and Consumer Studies Marketing Management, Services Marketing, and Brand Management. Consumer Behavior, Buyer Psychology, and Market Research. Digital Marketing, Social Media Marketing, and E-Commerce. Advertising, Public Relations, and Integrated Marketing Communications. 3. Finance and Investment Corporate Finance, Financial Management, and Investment Analysis. Banking, Insurance, and Risk Management. International Finance, Capital Markets, and Stock Exchange Studies. Green Finance, Climate Finance, and Sustainable Investment. 4. Human Resource and Organizational Development Human Resource Management, Talent Acquisition, and Retention. Training and Development, Performance Management. Work Culture, Employee Motivation, Industrial Relations. Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Business. 5. International Business and Trade Global Business Environment, Multinational Corporations (MNCs). International Trade, Export-Import Management, WTO and Trade Agreements. Cross-Cultural Management, International Negotiation, Global Leadership. Business Diplomacy and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). 6. Entrepreneurship and Innovation Entrepreneurship Development and Startup Ecosystems. Business Incubation, Venture Capital, and Angel Investment. Social Entrepreneurship and Inclusive Growth. Business Innovation, Design Thinking, and Knowledge Economy. 7. Emerging Trends in Business Business Analytics, Data-Driven Decision Making. Digital Transformation, Artificial Intelligence in Business. Industry 4.0 and 5.0 Applications in Business Operations. Sustainability in Business Practices, ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Models. Corporate Governance, Business Ethics, and Law. MANAGEMENT SCOPE 1. General and Strategic Management Principles and Practices of Management Strategic Planning, Corporate Strategy, and Business Policy Organizational Design, Structure, and Leadership Decision-Making, Change Management, and Knowledge Management Globalization and Cross-Border Management Practices 2. Human Resource Management (HRM) Human Resource Development and Talent Management Performance Appraisal, Employee Engagement, and Motivation Industrial Relations, Labor Welfare, and Employment Laws Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in the Workplace HR Analytics and Digital HR Practices 3. Marketing Management Marketing Strategies, Consumer Behavior, and Market Research Branding, Advertising, and Sales Management Digital Marketing, Social Media, and E-Commerce Platforms Retail Management, Service Marketing, and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) International Marketing and Cross-Cultural Consumer Studies 4. Financial Management Corporate Finance, Risk Management, and Investment Strategies Financial Planning, Budgeting, and Control Systems Banking, Insurance, and Capital Market Studies FinTech, Digital Banking, and Emerging Financial Technologies Sustainable Finance and ESG-based Investment 5. Operations and Production Management Operations Research, Logistics, and Supply Chain Management Production Planning, Quality Control, and Lean Management Inventory Management and Cost Optimization Project Management and Risk Analysis Technology Management and Industry 4.0/5.0 Applications 6. Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Startup Development Venture Capital, Angel Investors, and Business Incubators Social Entrepreneurship and Inclusive Growth Models Innovation Management, Design Thinking, and Knowledge Economy Family Business and Small-Scale Enterprise Management 7. Emerging Areas in Management International Business and Global Management Practices Business Analytics and Data-Driven Decision-Making Green Management, Sustainable Business Models, and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Leadership in Crisis, Risk, and Disaster Management Educational Management, Health Management, and Non-Profit Management ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) 1. Core Areas of AI Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Neural Networks Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Speech Technologies Computer Vision, Image Processing, and Pattern Recognition Robotics, Cognitive Systems, and Human–Machine Interaction Expert Systems, Knowledge Representation, and Reasoning 2. AI Applications in Science and Technology AI in Healthcare: Diagnostics, Drug Discovery, Medical Imaging, Telemedicine AI in Agriculture: Precision Farming, Crop Monitoring, Smart Irrigation AI in Environmental Science: Climate Modeling, Disaster Prediction, Biodiversity Monitoring AI in Engineering: Smart Materials, Automation, and Predictive Maintenance AI in Space Science, Astronomy, and Remote Sensing 3. AI in Business and Management Business Analytics, Decision-Support Systems, and Forecasting AI in Marketing: Consumer Behavior Prediction, Recommendation Systems AI in Finance: FinTech, Fraud Detection, Risk Management, Algorithmic Trading AI for Supply Chain, Logistics, and Smart Manufacturing HR Analytics, Recruitment, and Workforce Management 4. AI in Social Sciences and Humanities AI in Education: EdTech Platforms, Adaptive Learning, Virtual Classrooms AI in Social Media Studies, Communication, and Cultural Analytics Computational Social Science, Sentiment Analysis, and Opinion Mining AI Ethics, Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency AI in Law: Legal Analytics, Cyber Law, and Digital Governance 5. Emerging AI Trends Generative AI and Creative Applications (Art, Literature, Music, Design) Autonomous Vehicles, Drones, and Smart Mobility Internet of Things (IoT) and Edge AI Quantum AI and Next-Generation Computing AI for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ENGINEERING SCOPE 1. Civil Engineering Structural Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, and Construction Technology Transportation Engineering, Highway and Railway Engineering Water Resources Engineering, Irrigation, and Hydrology Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Infrastructure Urban Planning, Smart Cities, and Disaster Management 2. Mechanical Engineering Thermal Engineering, Heat Transfer, and Energy Systems Machine Design, CAD/CAM, Robotics, and Mechatronics Production Engineering, Manufacturing Processes, Industrial Engineering Materials Engineering, Nanomaterials, and Composite Materials Automotive Engineering and Aerospace Engineering 3. Electrical and Electronics Engineering Electrical Machines, Power Systems, and Control Systems Power Electronics, Drives, and Renewable Energy Systems Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) Signal Processing, Embedded Systems, and VLSI Design Instrumentation, Sensors, and Measurement Technologies 4. Computer Science and IT Engineering Software Engineering, Algorithms, and Programming Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Data Science Cloud Computing, Cybersecurity, Blockchain, and IoT Computer Networks, 5G/6G Communication Systems Human–Computer Interaction, Virtual/Augmented Reality 5. Chemical and Process Engineering Chemical Reaction Engineering, Process Control, and Plant Design Polymer Engineering, Biochemical Engineering, and Food Engineering Petroleum and Petrochemical Engineering Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Management Green Chemistry and Sustainable Process Engineering 6. Interdisciplinary and Emerging Engineering Fields Nanotechnology and Nanoscience Biomedical Engineering, Biomechanics, and Healthcare Devices Renewable Energy Engineering (Solar, Wind, Biomass, Hydrogen) Robotics, Automation, and Industry 4.0/5.0 Applications Smart Materials, Smart Grids, and Intelligent Systems MEDICAL SCIENCES SCOPE 1. Basic Medical Sciences Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry Pathology, Microbiology, Pharmacology Genetics, Molecular Biology, Immunology Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 2. Clinical Medical Sciences General Medicine, Surgery, and Specialties Pediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Orthopedics Cardiology, Neurology, Nephrology, Gastroenterology Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology, Behavioral Medicine Emergency Medicine and Trauma Care 3. Public Health and Preventive Medicine Community Medicine, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics Preventive and Social Medicine (PSM) Health Policy, Global Health, and Health Governance Environmental and Occupational Health Nutrition and Lifestyle Medicine 4. Allied and Applied Medical Sciences Nursing, Midwifery, and Paramedical Sciences Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Sciences, Occupational Therapy Medical Laboratory Technology and Diagnostics Radiology, Imaging, and Nuclear Medicine 5. Emerging and Interdisciplinary Fields Medical Biotechnology, Stem Cell Therapy, Regenerative Medicine Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Devices Telemedicine, Digital Health, and Health Informatics Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Healthcare Precision Medicine, Personalized Treatment, and Genomic Medicine Traditional, Complementary & Integrative Medicine (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy – AYUSH) PHARMACY 1. Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Design Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance Drug Discovery, Drug Design, and Development Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) and Molecular Modeling 2. Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Formulation Development (Tablets, Capsules, Injections, Novel Dosage Forms) Drug Delivery Systems: Nanoformulations, Transdermal, Targeted and Controlled Release Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Industrial Pharmacy, Scale-Up, and Manufacturing Technology Packaging, Stability Studies, and Regulatory Affairs 3. Pharmacology and Toxicology Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics Neuropharmacology, Cardiovascular, and Endocrine Pharmacology Toxicology, Preclinical Safety Studies, and Drug Screening Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) Reporting 4. Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Study of Crude Drugs from Plants, Animals, and Minerals Herbal Medicine, Phytochemistry, and Standardization Ethnopharmacology and Indigenous Knowledge Biotechnological Applications of Natural Products Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods 5. Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy Clinical Pharmacy Practice, Evidence-Based Medicine Hospital and Community Pharmacy Services Rational Drug Use, Prescription Audits, and Patient Counseling Pharmacoeconomics, Pharmacoepidemiology, and Health Policy Tele-Pharmacy and Digital Health in Pharmacy Practice 6. Emerging and Interdisciplinary Areas Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Vaccine Development, Biosimilars, and Gene Therapy Products Nanomedicine and Advanced Drug Delivery Personalized/Precision Medicine and Pharmacogenomics Regulatory Sciences, Intellectual Property Rights, and Pharmaceutical Marketing |